Photo in public domain: Taken by FAA official, August 2005

In 2011 some 507 passengers and 14 people on the ground perished in 28 crashes of multi-engine airliners.  These global statistics were collected by the Aviation Safety Network.  The figures include crashes by airlines that do not belong to IATA, so the IATA total for the year is slightly lower at 486 fatalities.

The average for the preceding ten years was 30 crashes a year, with an annual average of 785 deaths.  2011 was therefore a safer year than usual.

Regional statistics

Further analysis shows that there were no deaths at all in the USA, Europe and northern Asia.  Though Iran had just one crash, that incident resulted in 77 deaths, making it the single worst accident for 2011.

There were 3 fatal crashes each in Canada, the Congo and Indonesia.  Russia suffered 6 fatal crashes.

Canada’s crashes are regarded as a statistical quirk, but the often-extreme weather conditions in that country tend to make flying conditions difficult.  In relation to the number of passenger journeys the Congo comes out looking particularly bad.

The problem in Russia is the number of Soviet-era aircraft with poor reliability that are still in use.  The authorities are obviously aware of the problem and are doing what they can to remedy the situation, which will take time and a great deal of money.

The Congo suffers from a generally poor safety record that is a feature of many African lands.  And Soviet-era aircraft with poor reliability.

EU banned airline list

Since 2006 the European Union has published a list of airlines that are banned from flying into the EU.  The regulations cover safety concerns due to poor maintenance and deficient oversight standards and are based on physical inspection of aircraft that have flown to the EU.

A large segment of the banned airlines are African lands, many of whom, including the Congo, have all airlines based in their country banned from flying to the EU.

If you are travelling to an exotic location and considering using a regional airline, check the EU banned list to see if the airline you are considering is on the banned list.  If it is then the common-sense decision is not to use that airline.

Since the EU list is updated from time to time we are not listing the airlines here but provide a link to the latest copy of the EU list so that you can be sure that it is up to date.  Airlines can be removed from the list once they have demonstrated their safety compliance, and new airlines can be added.

List of airlines banned within the EU

You book online.  You go on holiday and have a grand time.  After a while you are having so much fun that you decide to extend your holiday by a few days.

So you go online and try to change the booking.  The system seems to have a problem with accommodating you.  In desperation you phone the travel agent and say “I know that I did not book with you, but can you change the return leg for me?” you ask.

The words over the phone shock you “I always like to help but unfortunately the airline won’t let me change the booking.  You got a special promotional fare.  That is a non-refundable ticket, and no changes can be made.  All you can do is buy a new ticket to get home if you are really determined to change your return date.”

Sometimes the airline concerned will allow an (expensive) change if you have not yet flown at all on the ticket (in other words, if you have not commenced the journey), but the charge for this can make your eyes water.  On such tickets you usually cannot change the passenger name either, so you are stuck with it even if you are unable to use it.

Very occasionally, if you are very polite and very nice and you beg and plead at the airport, changes have been made, but they are the exceptions that prove the rule and airlines are extremely reluctant to make such changes.

In very exceptional circumstances, on production of official documentation, you may be able to make a change on humanitarian grounds, such as the death of a close relative, or a sudden severe illness in the family.  Then again, other airlines state in their rules, ‘no waiver for death or illness’.

Best ensure that you have a more flexible ticket class next time.  Here is a guide to IATA ticket classes:

A – First Class Discounted

B – Coach Economy Discounted

C – Business Class

D – Business Class Discounted

E – Discounted, No airmiles

F – First Class

G – Travel Industry Economy Class

H – Coach Economy Discounted

I – used by some airlines for free loyalty card tickets  (and by others for discounted business class, such as British Airways)

J – Business Class Premium

K – Thrift

L – Thrift Discounted (lots of restrictions)

M – Coach Economy Discounted (few restrictions, round the world fare)

N – used by some airlines for free loyalty card tickets

O – used by some airlines for free loyalty card tickets

P – First Class Premium

Q – Coach Economy

R – Business class discounted

S – Standard Class (may not even earn airmiles)

T – Coach Economy Discounted (usually with restrictions)

U – Deep discount Economy Class

V – Thrift Discounted (with restrictions)

W – Coach Economy Premium (with restrictions, airmile limits)

Y – Coach Economy

Z – Heavily discounted Business Class (not upgradable)

Airlines sometimes make their own rules and you will find that on the above list what IATA deems to be economy, is in some cases business.

The deeper the discount on the fare, the more likely you are to experience difficulty in making any sort of change, or the more expensive it will be to make a change if it is permitted.  The airlines may also offer reduced airmiles for the flight, with some classes getting only 50%, 25% or sometimes no airmiles.  So if air miles are important to you, ensuring the correct class should be a priority for you.

Generally only classes B, M and  Y are upgradeable at the airport.

Where do I find the code?

If you are booking via an agent then the agent can check and advise you before the booking is made.  If you are buying it online then, depending on where you buy it, you may only be able to find out by examining the eticket.  It is usually a solo letter, but can be the first letter in a cryptic code, known as the fare basis.  Unfortunately, by the time you have the eticket, if it is a non-changeable, non-refundable ticket, then you are stuck with it.  But at least you will know why!

Our DIY Travel Expert advice is to buy tickets online only when you can see the class before you checkout, unless it is a commuter flight or a flight that you really do not care about changing.